A Million Years

"Never in a million years!" I've said it a million times... this off-handed reference to some highly unlikely suggestion or hypothetical outcome. Haven't you?

Implicit in our use of this expression is our cavalier perspective toward this particular interval of time. It seems a safe exaggeration, since we are confident that no living person could, with certainty, recount one single event that took place a million years ago. In fact, that realm of the past, as well as even more recent frames of time, is oft referred to as "pre-history".

But, of course, the student of Geology, Archaeology or Anthropology is required to be much more than cavalier. In recent years I have taken fresh interest in these three disciplines. My current perspective takes into account that a million years may be less than one tenth the age of this planet of ours. It also takes into account that deep pre-history played out in an environment dramatically different than the one that now supports us. It cautions me to "never say never".

As I strive to discover more information and keep abreast of new data regarding the evolution of earth and mankind, I often return to an amazing tome penned by H.G. Wells in the 1930's titled, "Outline of History". Yes, I refer to that same H.G. Wells who wrote "War of the Worlds". "Outline..." is his non-fictional gift to the armchair historian/geologist/anthropologist written in a most engaging and concise manner which makes an overwhelming body of theory and hypothesis seem, not only comprehensible, but as appealing as a novel. It is a perfect introduction for the novice and a useful review for any of the related disciplines. If your interest is piqued, Wells can be found at Ibiblio.

Cassini Mission

Published Sep. 12, 2007

By ALICIA CHANG - AP Science Writer

LOS ANGELES(AP) The international Cassini spacecraft went into safe mode this week after successfully passing over a Saturn moon that was the mysterious destination of a deep-space faring astronaut in Arthur C. Clarke's novel "2001: A Space Odyssey."

Cassini flew within 1,000 miles of Iapetus on Monday and snapped images of its rugged, two-toned surface. As it was sending data back to Earth, it was hit by a cosmic ray that caused a power switch to trip. The spacecraft was not damaged, but had to turn off its instruments and relay only limited information.

Mission controllers have since sent commands for Cassini to resume normal transmission and scientists recovered all the data from the moon flyby despite a nearly 12-hour delay. The spacecraft was expected to be fully functional by week's end.

Iapetus, Saturn's third-largest moon, gained science fiction fame in Clarke's mind-bending novel "2001: A Space Odyssey," that was developed in concert with Stanley Kubrick's 1968 movie by the same name.

Clarke surprised the Cassini team with a five-minute video played Tuesday during an internal meeting at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena. Clarke, who lives in Sri Lanka, told scientists he looked forward to viewing photos from the flyby.

Even before Clarke's taped greeting, scientists waxed poetic about Cassini's encounter with Iapetus and the fictional Discovery spaceship's rendezvous with Japetus, as the Saturn moon is known in Clarke's book.

"From time to time, you would hear references to the novel. People would say, 'I wonder if Cassini will see the monolith,'" said Cassini program manager Robert Mitchell.

The monolith refers to a galactic slab on Japetus that swallows the hero astronaut David Bowman and transforms him into an immortal. Kubrick dropped Saturn from the script and made Jupiter's moons the destination instead to prevent confusion among moviegoers about how the spaceship can slingshot from one planet to another.

It's the second time Cassini has flown by the walnut-shaped Iapetus, but the latest images are the crispest yet. The spacecraft focused on a jagged ridge surrounded by mountains near the equator that look geologically old. Scientists hope to find out what forces caused the ridge to form and how long it has been in existence.

"Iapetus is really a time machine. We're looking back at a really old surface," said Cassini scientist Torrence Johnson of JPL.

Cassini mission: http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.cfm